ТРОФІЧНІ ТА ФІТОГОРМОНАЛЬНІ ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ ОНТОГЕНЕЗУ IN VITRO

Ключові слова: детермінанти, трофічна детермінація, фітогормони, закони живлення, мінеральні елементи живлення, цитокініни, ауксини

Анотація

Метою даної статті є встановлення трофічних та фітогормональних детермінантів онтогенезу in vitro. Мікроклональне розмноження як біотехнологічний процес передбачає використання рослинних об’єктів: експланти, регенеранти, рослини-донори. В кожному з таких об’єктів на рівні нуклеїнових кислот записана генетична інформація про онтогенез цілісного організму in situ. Для спрямування життєвого циклу об’єктів згідно технологічних або наукових потреб застосовують фізичні, трофічні та фітогормональні детермінанти. Під дією детермінант в меристемних та інших тканинах вибірково відбувається експресія генів. Завдяки цьому розвиток відбувається по визначеному шляху з обмеженням інших. Рослинні організми при розмноженні in vitro зазнають двічі переформатування детермінант. Перший раз це відбувається під час введення в асептичні умови, а другий – за постасептичної адаптації. Серед трофічних детермінант основними є мінеральні компоненти та синтетичні вуглеводи, що додаються у штучні живильні середовища. Вплив макро- та мікроелементів за мікроклонального розмноження як і у звичайних умовах підпорядковується законам живлення: автотрофності рослинних організмів; мінімуму; максимуму. На онтогенез регенерантів мінеральні елементи впливають не тільки через їх кількісний уміст, але і їх форму, кислотність розчину, взаємодію з іншими компонентами середовищ. Екзогенні вуглеводи, процес синтезу ендогенних вуглеводів є також детермінуючим фактором. Зокрема, відбувається вплив на ризогенез та формування запасаючих органів. За високого вмісту вуглеводів у середовищі регенеранти розвиваються за міксотрофним типом живлення з домінуванням гетеротрофної долі. Саме гетеротрофне живлення сумісно з фітогормонами стимулюючої дії та малим умістом вуглекислого газу є основою ювенілізації рослинних об’єктів. Однією із візуальною ознак ювенільності є проста форма листкових пластинок, хвої. Серед детермінант з фітогормональною активністю найбільш поширені синтетичні аналоги гормонів з переважанням за правилом Скуга і Мілера на різних етапах: на етапі мультиплікації цитокініни; на етапі ризогенезу – постасептичної адаптації ауксини. Цитокінінам властивий фітотоксичний ефект, який може накопичуватися і передаватися з покоління в покоління. Його прояв полягає в гіпергідратації тканин, слабкому або відсутньому ризогенезу, втраті протягом субкультивувань регенераційного потенціалу. Для поліпшення перезавантаження системи детермінант ефективним є введення регенерантів в стан спокою. В такому випадку меристеми формують систему детермінант, яка є відповідною до нових, постасептичних умов.

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Опубліковано
2022-12-04
Як цитувати
Мацкевич, О. В., Кімейчук, І. В., Мацкевич, В. В., & Павліченко, А. А. (2022). ТРОФІЧНІ ТА ФІТОГОРМОНАЛЬНІ ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ ОНТОГЕНЕЗУ IN VITRO. Вісник Сумського національного аграрного університету. Серія: Агрономія і біологія, 48(2), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.32845/agrobio.2022.2.16