Infectious hepatitis in dogs (state of the problem)

Keywords: Infectious hepatitis, Canine virus hepatis

Abstract

The paper contains data regarding current state of research and author opinion on realization of diagnostics and therapy improvement in case of infectious hepatitis in dogs based on the form of the disease. A study of worldwide practice and a summary of personal experience of the aspects of clinical manifestation, diagnostics and treatment methods for canine hepatitis have been performed.

According to our research canine infectious hepatitis in Sumy region is usually found in dogs at 1-3 (44%) years of age, less of ten at 5-8 (28%) years. The quantity of cases at 3-8 y.o. is 17% and in animals younger than  1 year – 11%. After being introduced into the body, the virus replicates in the regional lymph nodes then appears in the blood (viremia), after 2-3 days it forms masses of core inclusions (Rubart’s bodies) – big, round, acidophilic masses in capillary and vein endothelium in all the organs, especially liver and spleen. As a result liver dystrophy occurs and general body intoxication follows. Further development of the process results in renal and myocardial dystrophy,appearance of multiple blood effusions on mucous and serous membranes. After the neural centers of the brain and spine are being affected the locomotion disorders are observed.At the stage of acute clinical signs the virus is present in blood and all the exudates, while being observed only in kidneys and urine later. The incubation period of spontaneous hepatitis lasts about 6 to 9 days. Currently there are some cases of an acute and peracute course but chronic and latent courses are prevalent. The organ lesions depend on the severity and course of the disease. Infectious hepatitis is being diagnosed based on epizootological, clinical, pathological and laboratory study data as well as virological research and biological test. Use of a treatment regimen including polyvalent serum, anfluron, cobactan, difeniramine, metoclopramide, furosemide, hepavikel, and crystalline IV solutions allowed shorteningofthe treatment period in comparison to average.

References

1. Gaskell, R.M. & Bennet M. (2000). Spravochnik po infekcionnym boleznyam sobak i koshek. [Directory of infectious diseases of dogs and cats.]. M.: Akvarium LTD, 2000, 224 s. [in Russian]
2. Nimand, H.G. & Suter, P.F.. Bolezni sobak. [Dog`s diseases]. M.: Akvarium LTD, 2001. 816 s. [in Russian]
3. Starchenkov, S.V. Bolezni sobak i koshek. Uchebnoe posobie. [Diseases of dogs and cats. Tutorial]. Sankt-Peterburg: Lan', 2001. – 560 s. [in Russian]
4. Urbanovich, P.P., Potoc'kij, M.K., Gevkan, І.І., Zon, G.A. et al. Patologіchna anatomіya tvarin. [Pathological anatomy of animals]. K.: Vetіnform, 2008. – 896 s. [in Ukrainian].
5. Green, C.E. Infections Disease of the Dog and Cat / C.E. Green. – W.B. Saunders Company, London, 1990. 45 p.
6. Hall, E. Hepatobiliary system / E. Hall // Manual of Small Animal Clinical Pathology, Cheltenham: BSAVA, 1998. 135 p.
7. Kelly, W.R. (1993). Inflammation of the liver and biliary tract. Pathology of Domestic Animals [San Diego: Academic Press]. P. 359-381.
8. Rutgers, H.C. & Haywood, S. (1998). Chronic hepatitis in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 29. P. 679-690.
9. Balboni, A., Dondi, F., Prosperi, S., & Battilani, M. (2015). Development of a SYBR Green real-time PCR assay with melting curve analysis for simultaneous detection and differentiation of canine adenovirus type 1 and type 2. J. of Virol. Methods. 222. 34 - 40. DOI: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166093415001986
10. Pintore, M. D., Corbellini, D., Chieppa, M. N., et al. (2016). Canine adenovirus type 1 and Pasteurella pneumotropica co infection in a puppy. Veterinaria Italiana, 52 (1). 57-62. DOI: http://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2016/52_1/57.htm
11. Pratelli, A., Martella, V., Elia, G., et al. (2001). Severe Enteric Disease in an Animal Shelter Associated with Dual Infections by Canine Adenovirus Type 1 and Canine Coronavirus. J.Vet. Med., Series B. 385 - 392. DOI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1439-
12. Boomkens, SY1, Penning, LC, Egberink, HF, et al. (2004). Hepatitis with special reference to dogs. A review on the pathogenesis and infectious etiologies, including unpublished results of recent own studies. J.Vet Q. 26(3). 107 - 114. DOI:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15559391/0450.2001.00466.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed
13. Caudell, D., Confer, A. W., Fulton, R. W., et al. (2005). Diagnosis of Infectious Canine Hepatitis Virus (CAV-1) Infection in Puppies with Encephalopathy. Article Information. J. of Vet. Diagnostic Investigation. 17. 1. 58 61. DOI: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/104063870501700111
14. Benetka, V., Weissenböck, H., Kudielka, I., et al. (2010). Canine adenovirus type 2 infection in four puppies with neurological signs. Vet. Record, 158. 91 - 94. DOI: https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/158/3/91
15. Decaroa, N., Campoloa, M., Eliaa, G., et al. (2006). Infectious canine hepatitis: An “old” disease reemerging in Italy. Author links open overlay panel. Researech of Vet. Science. 83. 269 -273. DOI: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034528806002104
16. Decaro, N., Martella, V., Buonavoglia, C., et al. (2008). Canine Adenoviruses and Herpesvirus. Vet. Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 38. 799 - 814. DOI: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195561608000685
17. Gür, S., & Acar, A. (2009). A retrospective investigation of canine adenovirus (CAV) infection in adult dogs in Turkey. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 80 (2). 84 – 86. DOI: 17.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19831268/
18. Muller, C., Sieber-Ruckstuhl, N.S., Decaro, N., et al. (2010). Hepatitis contagiosa canis Infektion bei Hunden in der Schweiz. Journal Schweiz Arch Tierheilkunde, 152. 2. 63 – 68. DOI: https://sat.gstsvs.ch/de/sat/sat-artikel/archiv/2010/022010/hepatitis-contagiosa-canis-infektion-bei-4-hunden-in-der-schweiz.html
19. Headley, S.A., Alfieri, A.A., & Fritzen, J. T. T. (2013). Concomitant canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, canine parvoviral enteritis, canine infectious tracheobronchitis, and toxoplasmosis in a puppy. J. of Vet. Diagnostic Investigation. 25. 1. 129 - 135. DOI:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1040638712471344?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3 Acrossref.org& rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed
20. Oya Bulut, Orhan Yapici, Oguzhan Avci, et al. (2013). The Serological and Virological Investigation of Canine Adenovirus Infection on the Dogs .The Science World Journal, Article ID 587024 , 6 pages. DOI: https://www.hindawi.com/ journals/tswj/2013/587024/
21. Balboni, A., Mollace, C., Giunti, M., et al., (2014). Investigation of the presence of canine adenovirus (CAdV) in owned dogs in Northern Italy. Research in Vet. Science, 97.3. 631 – 636. DOI: https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/abs/pii/S0034528814002999
22. Wong, M., Woolford, L,, Hasan, N.H., & Hemmatzadeh, F. (2017). A Novel Recombinant Canine Adenovirus Type 1 Detected from Acute Lethal Cases of Infectious Canine Hepatitis.Viral Immunol., 30(4). 258 - 263. DOI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28426340/
23. Yon, L., Duff, J. Paul, Ågren, Erik O., et al., (2019). Recent Changes in infectious diseases in European wildlife. J. of Wildlife Diseases, 55(1). 3 - 43. DOI:https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Wildlife-Diseases/volume-55/issue-1/2017-07-172/RECENT-CHANGES-IN-INFECTIOUS-DISEASES-IN-EUROPEAN-WILDLIFE/10.7589/2017-07-172.short
24. Balboni, A., Morten Tryland, Torill Mørk, et al.,(2019). Unique genetic features of canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) infecting red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in northern Norway and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Svalbard. Veterinary Research Communications, 43. 67 – 76. DOI: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11259-019-09746-y
Published
2019-12-24
How to Cite
Zon, G., Ivanovska, L., & Zon, I. (2019). Infectious hepatitis in dogs (state of the problem). Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The Series: Veterinary Medicine, (4 (47), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2019.4.3