DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF LIVER DISEASES IN DOGS
Abstract
The task of work was to study the differential diagnosis of spontaneous cases of hepatodystrophy and cirrhosis in dogs based on the results of the study of the clinical condition, changes in hemocytopoiesis and biochemical blood parameters. Dogs suffering from hepatodystrophy were depressed, vomiting, diarrhea were observed, some animals had slight hepatomegaly and pain in the liver area. Violation of the protein-synthesizing function of the liver was manifested by hypoalbuminemia, pigmentary – by an increase in the amount of total bilirubin and the appearance of conjugated. The urine–forming function of the liver and the filtering function of the kidneys also underwent changes. The activity of AST, ALT, GHT, LDH probably increased, the activity of XE decreased, that is, syndromes of functional liver failure, cytolysis and cholestasis developed. Clinically, in dogs with cirrhosis, depression of the general condition, decreased appetite, and in some cases, jaundice of the conjunctiva were observed, but ascites and bradycardia were the most typical. It is obvious that ascites is the final stage of the development of cirrhosis of the liver, so it is necessary to compare individual blood parameters that can be used to differentiate these diseases. One of the important general clinical indicators is the hemoglobin content, which was reduced in liver cirrhosis. The difference in protein indicators was quite indicative. If with hepatodystrophy the content of total protein increases or remains unchanged within the maximum norm, then it decreases in dogs with liver cirrhosis. The amount of albumin in liver cirrhosis was half as much as in hepatodystrophy, and in no case did it exceed 23.2 g/l, and in hepatodystrophy was at least 27.5 g/l. Changes in the activity of enzymes are quite indicative for the differential diagnosis of hepatodystrophy and liver cirrhosis. If the activity of AST, ALT, and LDH increased by 1.5–2.2 times in hepatodystrophy, it did not exceed the normal range in liver cirrhosis. Changes in GHT activity are more informative: in cirrhosis it increased threefold, and in hepatodystrophy – twice. The most informative are changes in ХЕ. Its activity in dogs with cirrhosis is sharply reduced and in no case did it exceed 21.4 μkat/l, while in hepatodystrophy it was at least 23.8 μkat/l. Therefore, for the differentiation of hepatodystrophy and cirrhosis, the following indicators have the greatest diagnostic value: in cirrhosis – abdominal ascites, hypoproteinemia, a significant decrease in albumin content and XE activity, and in hepatodystrophy – normo- or hyperproteinemia, slight hypoalbuminemia and increased activity of cellular enzymes (AST, ALT , LDH).
References
2. Cuccovillo, A., & Lamb C. R. (2002). Cellular features of sonographic target lesions of the liver and spleen in 21 dogs and a cat. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound. Vol. 43 (3). P. 275–278.
3. DeMarle, K. B, Webster, CR. L., Penninck, D., & Ferrer, L. (2021). Approach to the Diagnosis of Hepatocutaneous Syndrome in Dogs: A Retrospective Study and Literature Review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. Jan 1; 57 (1): 15–25. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7072.
4. Dykyi, O. A., Holovakha, V. I., Fasolia, V. P., & Soloviova, L. M. (2000). Informatyvnist okremykh pokaznykiv dlia diahnostyky patolohii pechinky i nyrok u sobak [Informativeness of individual indicators for diagnosis of liver and kidney pathology in dogs]. Visnyk Bilotserkivskoho derzhavnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Bila Tserkva, vv. 11. pp. 32–37. (in Ukrainian)
5. Dos Santos, J. P., Lucina, S. B., da Costa, B. N., Olaguivel, KL. C., Tuleski, GL. R., & Sousa, M. G. (2021). Assessment of heart rate turbulence in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Open Vet J. Oct–Dec; 11 (4): 635–644. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i4.13.
6. Fasolia, V. P. (2001). Struktura khvorob sobak u m. Zhytomyri (povidomlennia 1). [The structure of dog diseases in Zhytomyr (message 1)]. Visnyk Bilotserkivskoho derzhavnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Bila Tserkva. vv. 16. pp. 215–219. (in Ukrainian)
7. Fasolia, V. P. (2001). Struktura vnutrishnikh khvorob sobak u m. Zhytomyri (povidomlennia 2). [The structure of internal diseases of dogs in Zhytomyr (message 2)]. Visnyk Bilotserkivskoho derzhavnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. Bila Tserkva. vv. 18. pp. 158–163. (in Ukrainian)
8. Halatiuk, O. Ye., Romanyshyna, T. O., & Lakhman, A. R. (2019). Patohenetychni aspekty likuvannia infektsiinoho hepatytu sobak. [Pathogenetic aspects of treatment of infectious hepatitis in dogs]. Naukovyi visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu veterynarnoi medytsyny ta biotekhnolohii imeni S.Z. Gzhytskoho. vv. 21. no. 94. pp. 3–8. (in Ukrainian)
9. Keene, B. W., Atkins, C. E., Bonagura, J. D., Fox, P. R., Häggström, J., Fuentes, V. L., Oyama, M. A., Rush, J. E., Stepien, R., & Uechi, M. (2019). ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. May; 33 (3): 1127–1140. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15488.
10. Korenieva, Zh. B., Chebotarova, H. M., Holovanova, A. I., Lototskyi, V. I., & Kernova, M. P. (2018). Monitorynh porushennia funktsii pechinky u dribnykh tvaryn v suchasnykh ekolohichnykh umovakh. [Monitoring of liver dysfunction in small animals in modern environmental conditions]. Naukovyi visnyk veterynarnoi medytsyny. 1. pp. 38–44. (in Ukrainian)
11. Levchenko V. I. et al. (2019). Veterynarna klinichna biokhimiia: pidruchnyk. Za red. V. I. Levchenka ta V. V. Vlizla. [Veterinary clinical biochemistry: textbook]. Bila Tserkva. 416 p. (in Ukrainian)
12. Levchenko, V. I., Holovakha, V. I., Dykyi, O. A. & Soloviova, L. M. (2000). Deiaki aspekty patohenezu hepatodystrofii u sobak. [Some aspects of the pathogenesis of hepatodystrophy in dogs]. Visnyk Bilotserkivskoho derzhavnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. vv. 13 (2). Bila Tserkva. pp. 110–116. (in Ukrainian)
13. Levchenko, V. I. et al. (2017). Klinichna diahnostyka khvorob tvaryn. Za red. V. I. Levchenka i V. M. Bezukha. [Clinical diagnosis of animal diseases]. Bila Tserkva. 544 p. (in Ukrainian)
14. Lokes, P. I., & Lokes-Krupka, T. P. (2014). Dyferentsiina diahnostyka khvorob pechinky u sviiskykh sobak i kotiv. [Differential diagnosis of liver diseases in domestic dogs and cats]. Visnyk Poltavskoi derzhavnoi ahrarnoi akademii. Poltava. no 1. pp. 58–61. (in Ukrainian)
15. Lucina, S. B., Sarraff, A. P., Wolf, M., Silva, VB. C., Sousa, M. G, & Froes, T. R. (2021). Congenital Heart Disease in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 95 Cases. Top Companion Anim Med. Jun; 43: 100505. doi: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.10050.
16. Malikova, A. I. (2020). Morfolohichni ta biokhimichni pokaznyky krovi sobak, khvorykh na hepatodystrofiiu. [Morphological and biochemical blood parameters of dogs with hepatodystrophy]. Stan ta perspektyvy vyrobnytstva, pererobky i vykorystannia produktsii tvarynnytstva. pp. 212–214. (in Ukrainian)
17. Michael, A. E., Case, J. B., Massari, F., Giuffrida, M. A., Mayhew, P. D., Carvajal, J. L., Regier, P. J., Runge, J. J., & Singh, A. (2021). Feasibility of laparoscopic liver lobectomy in dogs. Vet Surg. Jul; 50 Suppl 1: O89–O98. doi: 10.1111/vsu.13566.
18. Neo, S., Takemura-Uchiyama, I., Uchiyama, J., Murakami, H., Shima, A., Kayanuma, H., Yokoyama, T., Takagi, S., Kanai, E., & Hisasue, M. (2022). Screening of bacterial DNA in bile sampled from healthy dogs and dogs suffering from liver- or gallbladder-associated disease. J Vet Med Sci. Jul 25; 84 (7): 1019–1022. doi: 10.1292/jvms.22-0090.
19. O’Kell, A. L., Gallagher, A. E., & Cooke, K. L. (2022). Gastroduodenal ulceration in dogs with liver disease. J Vet Intern Med. May; 36 (3): 986–992. doi: 10.1111/jvim.16413.
20. Oosthuyzen, W., Ten Berg, PW. L., Francis, B., Campbell, S., Macklin, V., Milne, E., Gow, A. G., Fisher, C., Mellanby, R. J., & Dear, J. W. (2018). Sensitivity and specificity of microRNA-122 for liver disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. Sep; 32(5): 1637–1644. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15250.
21. Orvalho, J. S., & Cowgill, L. D. (2017). Cardiorenal Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. Sep; 47(5): 1083–1102. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.05.00.
22. Pena-Ramos, J., Barker, L., Saiz, R., Walker, D. J, Tappin, S., Hare, CH. Z., Roberts, M. L., Williams, T. L., & Bexfield, N. (2021). Resting and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations in dogs with liver disease. J Vet Intern Med. May; 35 (3): 1333–1341. doi: 10.1111/jvim.16134.
23. Pereira Dos Santos, J. D., Cunha, E., Nunes, T., Tavares, L., & Oliveira, M. (2019). Relation between periodontal disease and systemic diseases in dogs. Res Vet Sci. Aug; 125: 136–140. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.00.
24. Poldervaart, J. H., Favier, R. P., Penning L. C. et al. (2009). Primary hepatitis in dogs: a retrospective review (2002–2006). J. Vet. Intern. Med. Vol. 23 (1). pp. 72–80.
25. Rahman, S. A., Khor, K. H., Khairani-Bejo, S., Lau, S. F., Mazlan, M., Roslan, A., & Goh, S. H. (2021). Detection and characterization of Leptospira spp. in dogs diagnosed with kidney and/or liver disease in Selangor, Malaysia. J Vet Diagn Invest. Sep; 33 (5): 834–843. doi: 10.1177/10406387211024575.
26. Rybachuk, Zh. V. et al. (2020). Zmina deiakykh diahnostychnykh pokaznykiv funktsionalnoho stanu pechinky u sobak u razi vykorystannia FPD «Imunobakteryn-D». [Changes in some diagnostic indicators of the functional state of the liver in dogs in case of use of the «Immunobacterin-D» FPD]. Visnyk Poltavskoi derzhavnoi ahrarnoi akademii. No 1. Pp. 182–188. (in Ukrainian)
27. Saunders, A. B. (2021). Key considerations in the approach to congenital heart disease in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. Aug; 62(8): 613–623. doi: 10.1111/jsap.13360.
28. Soloviova, L. M., Holovakha, V. I., & Utechenko, M. V. (2001). Kliniko-biokhimichni ta histolohichni zminy pechinky u sobak pry toksychnii hepatodystrofii. [Clinical, biochemical and histological changes of the liver in dogs with toxic hepatodystrophy]. Visnyk Bilotserkivskoho derzhavnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. vv. 18. Bila Tserkva. Pp. 141–147. (in Ukrainian)
29. Soloviova, L. M. (2002). Efektyvnist likuvannia toksychnoi hepatodystrofii u sobak. [Effectiveness of treatment of toxic hepatodystrophy in dogs]. Visnyk Bilotserkivskoho derzhavnoho ahrarnoho universytetu. vv. 23. Bila Tserkva. Pp. 187–193. (in Ukrainian)
30. Timoshenko, O. P., Snopenko, O. S., Kibkalo, D. V., Korenev, M. I., & Maslak, Yu. V. (2021). Diahnostychna znachymist vymiriuvannia «kutykuliarnoho indeksu» u sobak za patolohii pechinky ta nyrok [Diagnostic value of «cuticular index» measuring in dogs with liver and kidney pathology]. Veterinary Science, Technologies of Animal Husbandry and Nature Management, 8, 78–84, DOI:10.31890/vttp.2021.08.11. (in Ukrainian)
31. Timoshenko, O. P. et al. (2019). Morfo-biokhimichni kharakterystyky polimorbidnoi patolohii pechinky ta nyrok sviiskykh kotiv ta sobak. [Morpho-biochemical characteristics of polymorbid pathology of the liver and kidneys of domestic cats and dogs]. Veterynariia, tekhnolohii tvarynnytstva ta pryrodokorystuvannia. no 4. pp. 148–157. (in Ukrainian)
32. Watson, P. (2017). Canine Breed-Specific Hepatopathies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. May; 47(3): 665–682. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.11.013.
33. Wilkinson, A., Panciera, D., DeMonaco, S., Boes, K., Leib, M., Clapp, K., Ruth, J., Cecere, T., & McClendon, D. (2022). Platelet function in dogs with chronic liver disease. J Small Anim Pract. Feb; 63(2) : 120–127. doi: 10.1111/jsap.13342.
34. Levchenko, V. I., Sokoliuk, V. M., Bezukh V. M. et al. (2002). Doslidzhennia krovi tvaryn ta klinichna interpretatsiia otrymanykh rezultativ: Metodychni rekomendatsii dlia studentiv fakultetu veterynarnoi medytsyny kerivnykiv ta slukhachiv Instytutu pisliadyplomnoho navchannia kerivnykiv i spetsialistiv veterynarnoi medytsyny. [Animal blood research and clinical interpretation of the obtained results: Methodological recommendations for students of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, managers and students of the Institute of Postgraduate Training of Managers and Specialists of Veterinary Medicine]. Bila Tserkva. 56 p. (in Ukrainian)
ISSN 
ISSN 
