Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine

INFLUENCE OF THE CONDITIONS OF EMBRYONIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE FORMATION OF SCAR FERMENTATION IN CALVES

2024-02-21T10:23:31+02:00

Peculiarities of digestion processes in ruminant foreskins are determined by the presence of symbiotic microflora and microfauna. More than 150 types of bacteria and about 60 types of protozoa provide the breakdown of feed components in the field of gastric animals. In the process of growth and development of the animal organism, processes of scar digestion are formed, which depend on a significant number of factors. Important in this regard are questions regarding the maturity of the organism at birth and its subsequent formation. We established that the formation of processes of scar digestion during the period of stabilization of the growth and development of the animal organism depend on the degree of its maturity at birth. In 6-month-old animals, the age of which is considered the period of stabilization of the functions of the digestive organs, ruminal fermentation had the following indicators. The total number of microorganisms in the contained rumen was found to be 1.07–1.02 times and 1.64–1.70 times higher in animals with a high level of embryonic connection (p<0.01). The number of Protozoa in the rumen of animals of the first group before and after feeding was 1.17–1.12 times greater than that of calves of the second group (p<0.05) and 1.98–1.81 times more than that of animals of the third group (p<0.001). The genus Entodinium in the rumen of animals of the first group is 51.68 %, in calves of the second group 59.53 % and in animals of the third group 54.09 % of the total number of Protozoa. The contractile activity of the rumen in the calves of the first group is 1.13–1.16 times more than in the calves of the second group and 1.24–1.18 times more than in the animals of the third group (p<0.05). The time of sediment formation is the least in animals of the third group, it was 1.38–1.44 times shorter than in calves of the first group (p<0.01). The activity of the scar microflora of the animals of the first group was 1.51–1.38 times (p<0.01) and 1.67–1.61 times less than that of the calves of the second and third groups. The activity of ciliates was probably more pronounced in calves of the second and third groups by 1.39–1.38 and 1.67–1.61 times (p<0.01).

MONITORING OF THE EPISOTOTIC SITUATION REGARDING CAUSES OF ECTOPARASITISES OF DOGS AND CATS IN SUMY

2024-02-21T10:23:28+02:00

Today, dogs and cats are at the top of the list of domestic animals, with corresponding consequences for their health and welfare and, at the same time, for zoonotic risks to owners and the general population. The article presents the results of the assessment of the epizootic situation regarding ectoparasitises of dogs and cats in the central area of the city of Sumy and the surrounding areas. A statistical analysis of data on ectoparasitises for the period 2019-2022 was carried out. The research was conducted on the basis of the Department of Virology, Pathanatomy and Poultry Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Sumy National Agrarian University and the "Vetservice" veterinary clinic. Statistical and clinical research methods were used in their research. We studied the epizootic situation regarding ectoparasites of dogs and cats based on the logs of animal admissions in the clinic and conducted clinical examinations of dogs and cats whose owners complained of itching in their pets. Diagnoses of otodectosis, demodecosis, notohedrosis, siphonapterosis in dogs and cats were established. It was established that for the central district of Sumy and the surrounding areas, siphonapterosis is the most widespread among ectoparasitic diseases of dogs and cats, which for 2019–2022 showed a tendency to increase by 35.5% over the specified period. Age, seasonal, breed, and gender characteristics of the course of siphonapterosis in dogs and cats for 2019–2022 were determined. Cats aged 4–10 years (36.8%) and 1–4 years old (30.8%), as well as dogs aged 4–10 years (36.4%) and aged 1–4 years old (32.0%). Most often, the course of siphonapterosis was observed in the warm period of the year with the peak of the disease in July, which indicates the importance of heat and moisture for the development of pathogens that can quickly spread among domestic animals. Most of the cases (89%) were purebred cats. Fleas were most often found in purebred dogs (18%), followed by German shepherds (13%), Labradors (10%), Staffordshire terriers (7%), Toy terriers (5%), spaniels (4%). In dogs and cats, the same trend was noted – males of both species of animals were more often sick with siphonapterosis than females. Male dogs were sick 15.4% more often than bitches, and cats were sick 18.8% more often than cats.

EFFECTIVENESS OF COMBINED THERAPY UNDER CATTLE FASCIOLOSIS

2024-02-21T10:23:24+02:00

Therapeutic effectiveness of anthelmintics Brontel and Rafenzole and their effects on the functional state of the immune system were studied on cows-analogues aged 3–5 years, black and spotted breed, with body weight of 450–500 kg. Brontel 10% was injected in a dose of 1 cm3 per 10 kg of body weight subcutaneously in 2–3 portions in different parts of the animal body, once; Rafenzole was used in the form of a suspension in a dose of 1 cm3 per 10 kg of body weight orally. The intensity of the infestation in the experimental groups was 12,1–12,5 eggs in 12 feces. The effectiveness of Brontel was 100%, and a month after the application, the average daily yield of milk per cow in the experimental group exceeded the indicators of the control group by 2,8 kg, and after 2 months – by 3,1 kg. Brontel deworming ensured an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood of animals by 29,4%, hemoglobin by 8,19% when compared to the control group, as well as the improvement of the leukogram to physiologival limits. The preparation showed a positive effect on the animal’s organism. On the 21st and 30th days after deworming with the anthelmintic Rafenzole in combination with Bistum, positive changes in morphological parameters of the blood of cows were noted. On the 21st day, the animals’ bodies were completely free of helminths. During hemathological studies, an increase in the number of erythrocytes and segmentonuclear neutrophils was observed compared to the initial data, and the number of eosinophils and leykocytes decreased to the physiological limits. Among the biochemical indicators, an increase in the content of hemoglobin, glucose and total albumin protein was noted in relation to a control group. Therefore, the restoration of the above-described indicators to the norm is associated with the effect of the preparations on fasciols and cessation of the synthesis of their toxin in animal organism, which have an immunosuppressive effect. Thus, the mechanism of the action of Brontel 10% and Rufenzole consisted in reducing the toxic effect of fasciols, since the EE and IE of these preparations was 100%. The results of the study showed that when using a complex of preparations (Rafenzole + Bistum immune stimulator), the indicators of the immune status of the animals improved significantly. Therefore, Rafenzole and Bistum show significant stimulating effects on the bodies of cattle. Stimulation of animals with Bistum and deworming with Rafenzole contributed to a steady strenthening of the immune system and significantly increased the immune status of the body, as evidenced by the results of the study.

THE EFFECTS OF COMPLEX TREATMENT ON THE ORGANISM OF CATS UNDER OTODECTOSIS

2024-02-21T10:23:22+02:00

Studies of O. Cenotis infested cats showed that on the 10th day of treatment, the indicator of infestation decreased by 17,8 ± 0,92 tо 2,1 ± 0,21 ticks in a swab, and on the 20th day live ticks were not found. For the treatment of cats with Otodectosis, a complex treatment included Dectomax, 25% wax moth larvae extract and sulfur-tar liniment with wax moth larvae additive. The result was the same for the animals of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, where Dectomax showed 100% effectiveness against pathogens of Otodectosis, and the means of symptomatic therapy did not affect its acaricidal effect. Clinical examination of patients showed that in the cats of the 1st group, itching and soreness in the ear area disappeared on average on the 8th day of treatment, cessation of exudation was noted on the 11th day, the skin lesions were completely healed on the 15th day, and the redness of the inner surface of the auricles disappeared on the 19th day. When using preparations containing wax moth larvae (animals of the 2nd group), it was possible to achieve similar results already on the 5th, 8th,10th and 14th days, respectively. Observing the content of leukocytes in the blood of the experimental cats, we found that in the animals that used Dectomax and sulfur-tar liniment, on the 10th day after the beginning of treatment, this indicator increased by 2.8% compared to the analogue before treatment (22,40±0,82 and 21,80±0,87 G/l), respectively. The results of the blood leukogram studies of the experimental animals before the withdrawal and on the 10th day of the experiment showed that the content of basophils decreased from 6,30±0,15 tо 3,30±0,12%, eosinophils from 21,80±0,87 tо 20,40±0,56%, respectively , but at the same time the apperarance of young neutrophils was noted – 1,4±0,09%. When using a complex treatment including Dectomax, wax moth larvae extract 25% and sulfur-tar liniment with the addition of wax moth larvae to cats with Otodectosis, the results of the morphological examination of the blood indicated the fading of the inflammatory and allergic processes in the body, despite of the release of a significant amount of pathogen toxins. On the 10th day, it was possible to achieve a decrease in the number of leukocytes from 22,40±0,82 tо 17,20±0,53 G/l (by 23,2%, Р < 0,001), including eosinophils – from 20,40±0,56 tо±13,30±0,42 % (by 34,8%, Р <0,01), rod-shaped neutrophils – from 7,60±0,29 tо 6,20±0,24 % (by 18,4%, Р <0,001) , as well as of young neutrophils, compared to the indicators of the animals that received only Dectomax and sulfur-tar liniment. An increase in the content of segmental neutrophils in the leukogram of cats under the combination of medical products with preparations of wax moth larvae from 38,60±2,87 tо 49,10±2,08% (by 27,5%, Р<0,01), was detected due to the decrease in the number of leukocytes of other types. The results of studies of biochemical indicators of blood under Otodectosis, with various methods of treatment, confirmed the stimulating effect of preparations containing wax moth larvae, which speed up the reparative processes in the cat’s organism during the recovery time.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME INDICATORS WORKS OF THE HYPOCHLORITE INSTALLATION IN THE PROCESS OF WATER DISINFECTION

2024-02-21T10:20:07+02:00

Water is an indispensable raw material for ensuring the life of people, animals and all living things. Once in the body, it helps absorb nutrients, regulate body temperature, and remove toxins, but in order not to cause harm, it must clearly meet quality and safety standards. The important thing is that contaminated tap water becomes poison for the body. Compliance of water with sanitary and chemical indicators of quality is one of the main factors of successful breeding of productive animals. Numerous classes of pathogens entering the environment with human and animal excreta are causative agents of infectious diseases. All of them have a pronounced resistance in the water environment to most disinfectants. The infectious dose of viral agents and protozoa is lower than that of bacteria: in the range of one to ten infectious units or oocysts. At least 2 billion people in the world use a source of drinking water contaminated with feces. Contaminated water can be a factor in the transfer of pathogens of such diseases as: diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and poliomyelitis. Drinking water contaminated with pathogens is responsible for 485,000 deaths worldwide every year. In developing countries, 22% of medical facilities do not have water supply, 21% do not have sanitation services, and 22% do not have waste management services. In order to study the methods of water disinfection, in particular the effectiveness of using a hypochlorite plant in productive animal husbandry, we conducted bacteriological studies of water safety. To compare indicators, sampling was carried out before starting the hypochlorite plant and during its operation. As a result of the research, it was found that using a hypochlorite unit, it is possible to successfully remove biological agents from water, obtaining water that meets sanitary and hygienic requirements.

PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF INDICATORS OF HOMEOSTASIS IN COWS 3-7 DAYS AFTER CALVING

2024-02-21T10:20:03+02:00

To find out the state of individual homeostatic parameters of the body of cows on the 3-7th day after calving and based on them to develop prognostic criteria for reproductive function within 120 days of lactation. To assess the metabolic status of animals in cows of the Holstein breed with a productivity of 7200 kg according to the previous lactation and in the early postpartum period, blood serum was taken. The blood serum was determined by the content of total protein, globulins, albumin, the activity of enzymes: ALAT and ASAT, AP, the concentration of urea, creatinine, total lipoproteins, glucose, carotene, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron according to generally accepted methods using automatic and semiautomatic biochemical analyzers. The level of vitamins A and E in blood serum samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and cobalt, manganese, copper and zinc were carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Homeostatic indicators were compared between a group of cows that became pregnant during 120 days of lactation and a group of infertile and culled animals during the indicated period. Received digital material processed by methods of variation statistics using the SPSS Data editor 17.0 version according to the Tukey's test with Bonferroni correction. In infertile and culled cows during 120 days of lactation, for 3–7 days after calving, a higher serum globulin content of 17.1% (p≤0.05) was observed, which is due to the development of inflammation, which confirms the decrease in the Veltman test by 28,6% (p≤0.05) relative to cows that became pregnant up to 77.2 ± 5.35 (63–106 days). Increased AcAT activity by 18% (p≤0.05), higher potassium levels by 14.4% (p≤0.01), and sodium on the contrary by 20.6% (p≤0.01) in sick animals reflect consequences of the inflammatory process in the body. Thus, in sick animals there is a violation of homeostatic potential due to the development of dysproteinemia, electrolyte imbalance and hyperenzymemia, which indicates the occurrence of metabolic syndrome.

MEANS FOR PRE-MILKING AND POST-MILKING PROCESSING OF COW UDDERS

2024-02-21T10:20:00+02:00

One of the key procedures that affects the productivity and quality of milk is the preparation of cows for milking. Performing this work is of great importance, as it affects both the milk flow rate during milking and the quality of the product. The safety of milk directly depends on milking hygiene and the health of cows. Sanitary treatment of the udder is an effective preventive measure for most animals. Proper milking hygiene includes cleaning and disinfecting the udder, helps to avoid cow udder diseases, ensures the production of safe and high-quality milk, and thus contributes to ensuring food safety for consumers. Sanitation before milking was previously performed by washing the udder and teats with water, then using disinfectants. Modern requirements emphasize that teats must be disinfected and dried before milking. In dairy cattle, teat disinfection is usually used at the end of milking to limit the colonization of milk by pathogenic microorganisms through the teat canal. The choice of antiseptic for udder care should be based on proven efficacy, which is necessary for registration of the product as a veterinary medicinal product. The purpose of selecting the appropriate antiseptic is to provide effective protection of the cow’s udder against bacterial infections. Sanitation of the mammary gland should provide not only an antiseptic effect, but also maintain the health of the mammary gland. Ensuring optimal conditions for dairy products involves maintaining hygiene, preventing cow udder diseases and maintaining milk quality. Preparations used after milking can irritate the skin of the teat and unbalance its microbial population. Therefore, choosing an antiseptic should take into account not only the effectiveness in killing bacteria, but also the ability to preserve and improve the condition of the mammary glands. The active ingredient, which is most often included in products for the hygienic treatment of milking cows before milking, is iodine, chlorhexidine, lactic acid, glycolic acid. Many researchers emphasize following a proper milking protocol. Disinfection of teats before and after milking is a common mastitis prevention practice as part of a mastitis control program in dairy herds.

ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION ENZYMES IN BLOOD FORMAL ELEMENTS OF PIGLETS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THEIR CORRECTION

2024-02-21T10:19:57+02:00

Under the conditions of correcting the state of antioxidant protection of newborn piglets within 7 days after birth, the activity of lipid peroxidation processes significantly decreased and the activity of the antioxidant protection system increased. Catalase activity in erythrocytes was the lowest in animals of the first group after birth, and on the 7th day after correction it decreased to 1.31, 1.33 and 1.31. Peroxidase activity decreased after correction, as did catalase. The activity of enzymes of antioxidant protection of newborn piglets in leukocytes, on the 7th day after correction, were significant in comparison with these indicators in erythrocytes. Catalase activity in leukocytes was the lowest in animals of the first group after birth and was 1.12-1.15 times less than in piglets of the following groups (p <0.01). The activity of total peroxidase was 1.12-1.03 times lower in blood leukocytes of animals of the first group. The activity of SOD was 1.13 times higher in animals of the fourth group (p <0.05). The activity of antioxidant protection enzymes in platelets of newborn piglets changed as follows on the seventh day after correction. Catalase activity was 0.094±0.0008 mmol/l after correction 0.107±0.0017 on the seventh day without correction and at 0.144±0.0012 mmol/l on the first day after birth. In piglets of the 4th group, this indicator was also more likely after correction than in the piglets of the first group (by 1.53 times, p <0.01). PO activity significantly decreased under the conditions of correction in blood platelets of piglets of the second group to 0.016±0.0008 mmol/l, although before correction it was 0.028±0.0012 mmol/l on the third day and 0.032±0.001 mmol/l on the first a day Its activity was 0.022±0.0011 mmol/l after correction. HP activity in blood platelets of piglets of the fourth group was probably 1.68 times higher than that of piglets of the first group (p <0.01). The correction had a positive effect on the processes of antioxidant protection in the piglets' body.

MONITORING OF THE VETERINARY DRUGS RESIDUES IN POULTRY

2024-02-21T10:19:54+02:00

Monitoring of residues of veterinary drugs in poultry products is carried out with the aimcontrol of pollutants that may appear in food products as a result of the use of medicines during poultry farming. Control of pollutant residues is carried out on the basis of approved monitoring plans through sampling, testing and reporting of research results. Samples are collected and processed annually as part of monitoring procedures aimed at the statistical determination of the presence of residues of pollutants and veterinary drugs, including antibiotics, in food products. This issue is especially relevant in the context of sanitary compliancesafety rules under international trade in foodstuffs of animal origin. Data are given on the results of planned measures to control safety indicators in poultry products during 2020–2022. In the course of the research, an analysis of normative documents was carried out, which regulate the procedure for taking samples for the purpose of researching the remains of pollutants and residues of veterinary drugs in poultry meat and offal, as well as the frequency of control measures. It was established that the selection and inspection of samples is carried out in accordance with the current requirements for the implementation of annual state monitoring plans for residues of veterinary drugs and pollutants in live animals and unprocessed food products of animal origin. Based on the analysis of the work carried out it is established that during the period 2020–2022, 26 samples of poultry meat and 45 samples of livers were taken. According to the analysis of research results during the reporting period, no residues of veterinary drugs and pollutants exceeding the MDR were found in the investigated samples. Conducting planned monitoring studies ensures timely detection of dangerous products, ensures the appropriate level of protection of consumers' rights to high-quality and safe food products and the implementation of international trade in food products in compliance with current domestic and international requirements regarding the safety of products of animal origin, and in particular poultry meat. The relevance of the work carried out in the Sumy region over three years in the aspect of the implementation of the national program for monitoring residues of veterinary drugs and pollutants in poultry products was analyzed.

FUNGICIDAL EFFECT OF CYCLIC PEROXIDES ON THE GROWTH OF THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS ASCOSPHAERA APIS

2024-02-21T10:19:51+02:00

In recent years, the number of pollinating insects in the world has decreased significantly. A possible reason for this is the toxic effect of agrochemicals, which reduces the immunity of insects, which leads to their increased sensitivity to pathogens. Ascosphaera apis is a dangerous entomopathogenic fungus that affects both honeybees and bumblebees. Ascosphaera apis causes the disease popularly known as "chalk brood" in bees and threatens beekeeping all over the world. All the identified species of fungi belonging to the genus Ascosphaera (Ascomycota: Plectomycetes, Ascosphaearales) were found when bees were affected. The fungus Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) is the etiological agent of invasive mycosis of honey bees called chalk brood. It is a heterothallic organism that forms spores when the mycelia of two different strains of the opposite sex touch each other and fruiting bodies are formed. The disease is transmitted through ingestion of spores from contaminated food by young bee larvae. After infection, the larvae quickly reduce their food intake until they stop eating altogether. Five-day-old bee larvae are most susceptible to the disease, as they have favorable conditions in the internal environment of the intestine for spore germination. Once in the gut of the larva, the spores are activated by CO2 obtained from the cells. They can then germinate into the lumen, forming a mycelium that pierces the cuticle of the larva. In this phase, the larvae look like tiny pieces of chalk or "mummies," which gives the chalk brood disease its name. As the disease progresses, the larvae mummify, changing color from white to dark gray or black due to the presence of spores on the larval cuticle. We investigated the fungicidal activity of cyclic peroxides based on atamar oxygen against A. apis isolated from the honey bee (A. mellifera). Peroxides showed a high inhibition of mycelial growth of A. apis up to 92–100% at a concentration of 10 ml/l. For the most active peroxides, the EC 50 value (half-maximum effective concentration) is determined. Two experimental peroxides showed higher antifungal activity against A. Apis than the commercial fungicide hydrogen peroxide 30%. The studied peroxides did not reduce the ability of bees to fly and did not lead to their death. A new field of application of peroxides in beekeeping has been opened.

REFORMING THE VETERINARY MEDICINE INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE REGARDING THE IDENTIFICATION OF COMPANION ANIMALS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ONE HEALTH AND DIGITALIZATION

2024-02-21T10:19:49+02:00

The authors conducted a research of reforming the field of veterinary medicine in Ukraine regarding the identification of companion animals in the context of sustainable development, “One Health” and digitalization. The professional activity of a Doctor of Veterinary medicine in the European Union belongs to the few professions from the category of “professions of public trust”, and therefore their professional activity should be accompanied by the support of the government in all directions. The authors used such research methods as scientific-historical, comparative, comparative-legal, normativedogmatic. The work was carried out within the framework of consultations provided by foreign partners and based on the results of participation in international veterinary Assemblies UEVP/FVE. In the context of the researched issue, an analysis of CMU Resolution No. 1171 dated November 3, 2023 was carried out. According to the conducted studies, it was proved that with the application of CMU Resolution No. 1171 on practice, the issue of creating a unique Register with a digital passport for a companion animal was improved, which, in contrast to existing methods, demonstrates the development of Ukraine as a digital state, a powerful impetus for reforming veterinary legislation of Ukraine in the context of joining the EU. It has been defined that the use of the Register with a digital passport for a companion animal on practice will contribute to the introduction of paperless movement of animals with a digital passport in the European Union, which, unlike existing methods, will record the latest vaccinations against rabies of the companion animal, the results of laboratory tests of blood serum for the presence antibodies to the rabies virus (FAVN test), the presence of the owner of the animal. It has been proved that, at the international and national levels, this innovation will contribute to the future monitoring of animal migration under conditions of war, as well as to the elimination of the spread of zoonoses from unfavorable regions of the country to other regions both within Ukraine and beyond its borders. It was proved that for the first time in Ukraine, the implementation of the Register of identified animals can be considered as one of the proactive thorough steps towards the creation of the register of Doctors of Veterinary Medicine in Ukraine, which can be synchronized with the register of an independent self-governing veterinary body in Ukraine in future. It was found that the practical implementation of this approach regarding the Register of Doctors of Veterinary Medicine at the self-governing independent veterinary body in Ukraine will “open” international borders for Ukrainian products of animal origin, the movement of not only animals, but also products of animal origin will be tracked through a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine who will act in the General Register as a guarantee of transparency, with access to the EU market.

DETERMINATION OF THE CIRCULATION OF CAUSES OF HELMINTIC INVASION IN THE BODY OF CATTLE

2024-02-21T10:19:45+02:00

The formation of the helminthes fauna is facilitated by the circulation and preservation of the invasive beginning in the external environment. The natural and climatic conditions of the Northern part of Ukraine have favorable conditions for the development of parasites of agricultural animals. The widespread distribution of parasites among both animals and humans contributes to polluting the environment with invasive elements, which in turn create conditions for intensive re-infection of livestock. Ecological and parasitological assessment of reservoirs, pastures, walking areas, stables for keeping animals and other environmental objects has an important role in the circulation of pathogens of helminthic invasions. In scientific works, the research direction of both nematode and trematode infestation is fragmentarily highlighted. Modern farming technologies cause significant changes in the ecological environment for pathogens to live. They provide an opportunity to break the life cycle of the development of helminthes and direct actions to improve farms from infestation. In addition to traditional biological methods of control, it is necessary to apply traditional methods using effective drugs that are recommended in practice. The study of the helminthes fauna of the gastrointestinal tract of animals was carried out in farms located in the Polish zone. The level of infection of animals with helminthes that grazed during one or more pasture seasons was confirmed by the expertise of laboratory studies. Invasion was established in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle, animals of different age groups have different infections with pathogens. The maximum percentage is for Trichostrongylus from 21.3% to 37.9%, Oesophagostomum from 8.6% to 13.7% and Capillaria from 5.8% to 13.1%. Contamination of cattle depends on the season, which is associated with the development of sexually mature forms of parasites. The prospect of further research in this direction is the development of scientifically based biological and ecological methods of combating helminthes of the gastrointestinal tract of cattle in the conditions of the northern part of Ukraine, taking into account the study of the factors that determine the formation of helminthes fauna.

LEUKOCYTE ACTIVITY AND INDICATORS OF THE RESISTANCE OF THE CALVES IN THE PERIOD OF STABILIZATION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

2024-02-21T10:19:42+02:00

The growth and development of the animal organism in the process of vital activity goes through critical periods, and the formation of body functions at the level of adult animals occurs before the stabilization period. However, the formation of body systems in the postnatal period, their functional activity depends on the state of the body at birth. In general, the conditions of prenatal development, especially hypoxia, negatively affect the subsequent maturation of the organism, the formation of its protection mechanisms against the influence of various negative factors of existence. It was established that during the period of stabilization of the growth and development of the calves, the resistance indices and the activity of blood leukocytes of the calves that were under the influence of hypoxia during the prenatal period of growth and development, were born with signs of respiratory disorders were probably lower, or remained probably less, than in functionally active calves animals Thus, LII in the calves of the control group was 1.35 times less than this index of the calves of the experimental group, and the leukocyte shift index was 2.59 times less than that of the experimental animals (p<0.001). The leukocyte index and NLC in the control animals were 1.18 (p<0.05) – 3.38 times less compared to the calves of the experimental group (p<0.001). The number of leukocytes in the blood of functionally active calves corresponded to the indicator of physiologically mature animals, while it remained 1.32 times more in the calves of the second group (p<0.05). The percentage of basophils in the leukocytic form did not change significantly compared to the indicators of the retardation period. Compared to the period of retardation, the percentage of rod and segment nuclear leukocytes in the blood of calves of the first group practically did not change. In the calves of the second group, it was unlikely that the content of the main forms of neutrophils was higher. Along with this, neutrophils in the blood of calves of the first group were determined to be 1.88 times less compared to the indicators of calves of the second group. The content of lymphocytes varied from the period of retardation to the period of stabilization in the blood of the calves of the first group from 71.05±4.03% to 70.0±5.0%. In the animals of the experimental group, this indicator increased from 40.65±2.40% to 44.35±4.95% and remained during the stabilization period 1.58 times less in animals of the first group. There were 2.20 times more monocytes in the blood of calves of the second group (p<0.01). The results of the research indicate a decrease in the activity of the processes of formation of protective mechanisms in calves before the stabilization period, the prenatal period of which took place under the influence of hypoxia.

OVERVIEW OF DISORDERS OF THE METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS AND ORGANIC ACIDS

2024-02-21T10:19:39+02:00

The main function of amino acids is a monomeric unit in protein synthesis, as well as a substrate for biosynthesis reactions. Violations of amino acid metabolism are associated with the progression of various diseases. The therapeutic effect on the metabolism of tumor cells has been shown to be effective with fewer side effects compared to some traditional treatment methods. In addition, treatments targeting essential amino acids, such as dietary methionine restriction, have been shown to extend lifespan in mice and rats. Tumors probably depend on an external supply of essential amino acids. Thus, restriction of these amino acids can inhibit tumor growth, demonstrating the importance of amino acid metabolism. In addition to its role in cancer development, amino acid metabolism is an important contributor to metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, as well as cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, and neurological disease. Amino acids are organic compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups, which can be divided into α-, β-, γ-, and δ-amino acids, the most important of which are 22 amino acids. Alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, and 20 of these amino acids are involved in protein synthesis. Amino acids are involved in biosynthesis, neurotic transmission and other life processes. Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form polypeptide chains, which undergo post-translational modifications and sometimes combine with other polypeptide chains to form proteins. Among the amino acids that make up proteins, nine cannot be synthesized from other compounds and must be obtained from food; they are also essential amino acids. When amino acids enter the body through food, in addition to being used for protein synthesis and other biomolecular synthesis, they can also be oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as energy sources via oxidative pathways. The oxidation pathway begins with aminotransferase-mediated deamination and transfer of the amino group to alphaketoglutaric acid to form glutamate for entry into the urea cycle. Another product, keto acid, enters the citric acid cycle to provide energy for life.

DETERMINATION OF THE MEAT QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKENS USING A VITAMIN AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENT

2024-02-21T10:19:36+02:00

In connection with the intensive development of poultry farming and the increase in the production of poultry meat, there is an urgent need to control the quality and safety indicators of poultry carcasses, which is an important socio-economic factor. In the modern world, the issue of the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the development of ways to overcome it deserve special attention. The article presents the results of evaluating the quality parameters of meat of broiler chickens, when using alternative methods for the prevention of infectious poultry diseases. In their research, they used YevitCel, a vitamin-mineral supplement manufactured by the "Brovafarm" NVF, which contains 0.3 mg of sodium selenite and 100 mg of vitamin E (in the form of alpha-tocopherol) in 1 ml of the drug. For the young broiler chickens of the research group in the amount of 10 heads, a vitamin-mineral supplement was used in the amount of 1 ml per 1.5 liters of water in the first week of life, the course of application was 5 days. After 5 days, the specified additive was continuously applied in a dose of 0.5 ml per 1 liter of water. As a result of the analysis of the tasting evaluation, it was established that the addition of the YevitSel vitamin and mineral supplement to the diet had a positive effect on the parameters of the meat of the experimental group. Indicators of "taste" and "tenderness" in red meat had a probable difference compared to similar indicators in the control group. Boiled meat and broth obtained from broiler chickens of the experimental group, which were supplemented with a vitamin-mineral supplement, showed higher tasting values compared to the control group, which was on a standard diet, as evidenced by their evaluations in points. The applied vitamin and mineral supplement YevitSel improves the taste properties when tasting cooked meat and broth. Studies of biochemical indicators showed a decrease in the acid number of fat, the best indicator in the reaction to peroxidase in the experimental group. Research on the amino acid composition of meat allowed establishing an increase in the number of essential amino acids in the experimental group by 1.81% in white meat and by 1.03% in red meat compared to the control group, and in the group of replaceable amino acids it increased by 2.77% in white meat and by 3.80% in red meat. These changes in the amino acid composition indicate a positive effect of the vitamin and mineral supplement on the nutritional value of the meat of broiler chickens.

FEATURES OF THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CAT'S SKULL

2024-02-21T10:19:33+02:00

The article considered the morphological and anatomical structure of one of the organs of the axial skeleton of cats, namely the bones of the skull. In the study, well-known complex classical morphological and anatomical methods of experimental research were used. Specific anatomical features of the bone structure of the skull of domestic cats (domesticus cattus) are determined. The structure of the skeleton of cats is similar to the skeleton of other predators. There are many peculiarities in the structure of the bone structure of the facial and brain parts of the stomach of cats of various breeds. The skull of cats has the shape of an irregular pyramid, consists of three anatomically separated units, its base faces the spine, and the top is the free front end, which forms the entrance to the oral and nasal cavities. The cerebral part of the skull of cats consists of four odd bones and three even bones. Unpaired include occipital, sphenoid, interparietal and ethmoid, paired include parietal, temporal and frontal. The occipital bone of a cat is located in the occipital region, consists of a body, scales, lateral parts, which include condyles and jugular processes. The occipital bone of cats forms the entire occipital area and partially extends to the dorsal surface. Rostral to the occipital bone is the sphenoid bone. It has a body, temporal and orbital wings, and a pterygoid process and openings for the passage of blood vessels and nerves. At the border of the brain and facial part lies the ethmoid bone, which consists of a labyrinth and bony plates, one of which, namely, is perforated and forms this border. The frontal bone lies rostral. It is convex, its zygomatic process has the shape of an elongated triangle, connects with the zygomatic arch ligament. There are no supraorbital foramina at its base. The cat's temporal bone has three parts, the scaly, petrous and tympanic, which fuse together early to house the middle and inner ear. The facial part of the skull of cats includes paired incisors, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine, pterygoid, maxillary, mandibular bones and unpaired blade and hyoid skeleton. The nasal bones are expanded nasally, bordering the incisor bone, forming a process. The body of the incisor bone is short, compressed, the palatine cleft is cylindrical, there are cells for teeth. The maxillary bone is located dorsally in the oral cavity and ventrally in the nasal cavity. The lacrimal bone consists of two plates, the outer facial one has the appearance of a thin strip, connected to the orbital plate at an angle. The pterygoid bone is short, wide, adjoins the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone with a sphenoid process, and the free end forms a hook. At the bottom of the nasal cavity lies an arrow-shaped lobe, which separates the choanae and to which the nasal septum is attached. The mandibular bone of cats belongs to the facial part of the skull, has a body and a mandibular branch. The body is well-defined, has a cellular edge with cells for teeth on the incisal part. There are six cells for incisors, closely spaced on both sides are cells for canines, one on each edge.

FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS OF PANCREATITIS IN DOGS

2024-02-21T10:19:30+02:00

An analysis of the diagnostic features of pancreatitis in dogs was carried out. The diagnosis was made based on the results of a clinical examination, laboratory blood analysis, and a survey ultrasound examination of the organs of the abdominal cavity, including the pancreas, was performed. It has been established that acute pancreatitis occurs more often than chronic pancreatitis and is accompanied by anorexia, vomiting, pain on palpation of the cranial part of the abdomen, dehydration and diarrhea. The disease often occurs in various combinations with cholecystitis and duodenitis and in some cases is accompanied by acute renal failure. During the differential diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, which should be comprehensive, a thorough history collection, laboratory diagnostics and ultrasound examination should be carried out, which allows detecting an increase in the size of the pancreas, irregularity of its shape and hypoechogenicity. In chronic pancreatitis, ultrasonography reveals a decrease in the size of the gland, unevenness of echogenicity and expansion of its ducts. The content of total protein in animals with various forms of complications of acute pancreatitis probably differs from the indicators of healthy animals. In case of complications of acute renal failure, it is probably lower. The cholesterol level in animals with pancreatitis is 72-79% higher. There is no probable difference for various complications of pancreatitis. Indicators of the renal complex in sick animals (concentration of urea, creatinine) both with acute isolated pancreatitis and with various complications probably did not differ from the indicators of healthy dogs, only with complications of acute renal failure hyperazotemia develops. A probable increase in the activity of α-amylase is observed both in isolated and during complicated pancreatitis. An increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase by 56% (p<0.001) compared to the indicator of healthy animals indicates the development of cholestasis. An increase in the level of total bilirubin is characteristic of pancreatitis complicated by cholecystitis. Thus, the results of biochemical disorders significantly depend on the degree of inflammation of pancreatic tissue, which is directly dependent on one or another complication.

SENSITIVITY OF THE SKIN MICROFLORA OF DOGS WITH DERMATITIS TO ANTIBIOTICS

2024-02-21T10:19:27+02:00

In the paper, an analysis of samples of pathological material from sick dogs was carried out, which testified to the heterogeneity of the microbiota for dermatitis in dogs. Thus, in the vast majority of cases, polyinfection was identified, in three cases out of five, and in two cases, mono. It should be noted that Staphylococcus aureus was always present in the association of pathogens. The study of the sensitivity of the isolated microflora to antibacterial drugs of 8 groups by the disc method made it possible to obtain heterogeneous results. Thus, 5% of the microbiota was highly sensitive to almost all antibiotics of this group to the drugs of the fluoroquinolone group – marfloxin, ofloxacin, cyprocoline and enroxyl. And only Pseudomonas aeruginosa is sensitive in sample 5 and in the second sample due to its association with Staphylococcus aureus. The microbiota showed varying sensitivity to cephalosporin drugs, from moderately sensitive to highly sensitive. Thus, microflora was sensitive to ceftriaxone in the first sample and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the second in association with Staphylococcus aureus and in 5 when only Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated. When studying sensitivity to cobactan, it was established that in the first and fourth samples, Staphylococcus aureus showed high sensitivity to it and was sensitive to it. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus sample three and Pseudomonas aeruginosa sample five were highly sensitive to the drug. Growth retardation (from 18 mm) to ceftifur indicated that Enterococcus faecalis was sensitive in the first and fourth samples and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the second and fifth. At the same time, Staphylococcus aureus showed high sensitivity in the first, second, third and fourth samples (growth delay 27 mm). Staphylococcus aureus was highly sensitive to cefataxime in the second sample, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was moderately sensitive. When studying sensitivity to cephalexin, we found that in the second sample, the isolated association of Staphylococcus aureus with Pseudomonas aeruginosa had growth retardation from 17 first and 11 second pathogens. In the fourth sample for the association of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, the lysis zone was larger in the second pathogen (from 19 mm) compared to 12 mm in the first. The zone of growth retardation in the fifth sample indicated the sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to this antibiotic.

DETERMINATION OF TOXIC PROPERTIES OF THE DRUG "COMBIOD"

2024-02-21T10:19:24+02:00

Fighting antibiotic resistance is a global priority today. Antibiotic resistance is largely due to the overuse of antibiotics and lack of awareness of the problem. Antibiotic resistance poses a huge threat to humanity. Given the widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture, there is a need to introduce and use environmentally friendly antimicrobial agents. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the toxicity of Combiod as an alternative antimicrobial agent. The aim of the work was to investigate the acute toxicity and harmlessness of the drug "Combiod". Materials of the experiment – red-brown solution with a faint odor of iodine, 1 ml of the drug contains: povidone-iodine – 200 mg, sodium selenite – 1.2 mg. The experiments were carried out in the certified vivarium of the Regional Center RC "ECOMEDCHEM" of Sumy State University and Sumy National Agrarian University. All experimental studies on laboratory animals were performed in accordance with Directive 2010/63/EU. The parameters of acute toxicity at a single administration were studied in 40 white mice weighing 19.0-20.3 g and 40 white rats weighing 185-205 g. Establishment of toxicity parameters for prolonged oral administration was performed on 18 rats weighing 190±5.0 g, divided equally into 3 groups, which were selected according to the principle of the previous groups. The effect of the drug on the state of internal organs was determined using the ratio of mass coefficients of viscera to body weight of the killed rats of the experimental and control groups. The skin-resorptive effect was determined on white mice weighing 21-24 g. The local irritant effect was determined by the method of cutaneous applications on 10 rabbits weighing 2.75±0.25 kg. To study the harmful effect on the ocular mucosa by the conjunctival test, 6 experimental groups of rabbits, 3 animals each, were used. When Combiod was administered orally at doses of 4,024, 50, 100, 500, 1500, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg body weight, no changes in the clinical condition of the experimental animals and no deaths occurred. With prolonged oral administration of the drug for 30 days at doses of 4.024 mg/kg and 2500 mg/kg body weight, no changes in the clinical status and behavioral reactions of rats were observed. The drug has no negative effect on the hematopoietic system. The working solution of the drug at a concentration of 0.002% does not cause allergic reactions. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that this drug, in accordance with the International Standard GOST 12.1.007-76, can be classified as class IV toxicity (low-toxic substances), and according to the Global Harmonized System (GHS), it is classified as category 5. The prospect of further research in this direction is to determine the effect of the drug "Сombiod" on the quality and safety of poultry products.

STATUS OF AQUACULTURE AND PARASITIC DISEASES OF POND FISH ON LAND

2024-02-21T10:19:21+02:00

In Ukraine, there are favorable natural conditions and a natural base for the development of aquaculture, and the territory of Sumy Oblast, which has 2191 ponds, is no exception. The article analyzes the amount of water resources on the territory of Sumy Oblast. It has been established that there is a sufficient natural base for the production of fish and fish products on the territory of the Sumy region. The issue of the state of aquaculture production in the territory of the Sumy region was considered. The number of enterprises that provide production of aquaculture products and the volume of fish farming products, which is a component of the food security of our country, have been determined. It has been established that fishing activities in the Sumy region have a small decline in production in 2022 compared to other years, which is typical for all industries related to the agro-industrial complex in modern war conditions. The article provides data on monitoring studies of fish diseases of parasitic etiology, as these studies are key to maintaining the epizootic well-being of fish farms in Sumy Oblast, developing modern measures for the prevention and treatment of fish diseases. The causative agents of fish zoonotic diseases can pose a particular danger to humans, which makes it urgent to conduct regular monitoring of fish diseases. Analyzed statistical data on the research conducted and the positive results obtained in the examination of fish samples sent to the Sumy Regional State Laboratory of the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection. It was determined that as a result of conducting clinical, parasitological, pathological-anatomical, microscopic studies, the following types of parasites are most often detected: from the protozoa – Trichodina sp., Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Myxobolus pavlowski, Apiosoma sp. from monogeneans – Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus extensus, from cestodes – Bothriocephalus gowkongensis, from crustaceans – Lernaea cyprinacea, Argulus foliaceus. During the analysis, it was established that the largest percentage (66.0%) of fish diseases are caused by protozoan pathogens. In turn, this creates the need to develop effective means to combat and prevent fish ectoparasitism. In Ukraine, there are favorable natural conditions and a natural base for the development of aquaculture, and the territory of Sumy Oblast, which has 2191 ponds, is no exception. The article analyzes the amount of water resources on the territory of Sumy Oblast. It has been established that there is a sufficient natural base for the production of fish and fish products on the territory of the Sumy region. The issue of the state of aquaculture production in the territory of the Sumy region was considered. The number of enterprises that provide production of aquaculture products and the volume of fish farming products, which is a component of the food security of our country, have been determined. It has been established that fishing activities in the Sumy region have a small decline in production in 2022 compared to other years, which is typical for all industries related to the agroindustrial complex in modern war conditions. The article provides data on monitoring studies of fish diseases of parasitic etiology, as these studies are key to maintaining the epizootic well-being of fish farms in Sumy Oblast, developing modern measures for the prevention and treatment of fish diseases. The causative agents of fish zoonotic diseases can pose a particular danger to humans, which makes it urgent to conduct regular monitoring of fish diseases. Analyzed statistical data on the research conducted and the positive results obtained in the examination of fish samples sent to the Sumy Regional State Laboratory of the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection. It was determined that as a result of conducting clinical, parasitological, pathological-anatomical, microscopic studies, the following types of parasites are most often detected: from the protozoa – Trichodina sp., Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Myxobolus pavlowski, Apiosoma sp. from monogeneans – Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus extensus, from cestodes – Bothriocephalus gowkongensis, from crustaceans – Lernaea cyprinacea, Argulus foliaceus. During the analysis, it was established that the largest percentage (66.0%) of fish diseases are caused by protozoan pathogens. In turn, this creates the need to develop effective means to combat and prevent fish ectoparasitism.

THE USE OF TETRASEPT DISINFECTANT IN PROCESSING CAGES FOR KEEPING RABBITS

2024-02-21T10:19:18+02:00

Disinfectants play an important role in the field of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry, ensuring the hygienic maintenance of animals and equipment. This article presents the results of a study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of Tetrasept disinfectant in the treatment of cells intended for rabbit content. Tetrasept contains four active substances with antimicrobial and fungicidal action. The study was conducted on a chicken farm with 200 rabbits. Four groups of animals were created, for three of which Tetrasept was used in concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.5%, respectively, for regular cell cleaning, and for the other, control, traditional detergents. The results showed a significant reduction in the levels of microbial insemination and fungal infections in the Tetrasept groups. There was also an increase in productivity and a decrease in animal mortality in these groups. Thus, the application of Tetrasept disinfectant is effective in improving the sanitary condition of the cells and improving the overall health of rabbits. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the disinfectant Tetrasept on the survival of microorganisms on the cell surface and to identify the optimal concentration. The methodology included a bacteriological (culture) method of research, consisting in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and the quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of disinfection. According to the results, the disinfectant Tetrasept showed significant effectiveness in reducing the number of microorganisms on the surface of the treated cells. The most effective concentration was 0.5%. This indicates its effectiveness, potential in improving hygiene conditions for rabbits and reducing the risk of spreading infections in animal husbandry practices. This study is designed to draw attention to the importance of the choice of disinfectants in animal husbandry, as well as to provide a basis for future research in the field of hygienic content of rabbits.

THE MONITORING DISEASES OF DOG AND CAT ON THE BASE OF THE ZVC "10 DRUZIV" IN SUMY

2024-02-21T10:18:39+02:00

Today, keeping pets is gaining more and more popularity in our country. Under our living conditions, a person needs to take care of someone. Since domestic animals, dogs and cats, are carriers of zoonotic diseases, we must monitor their welfare and health. Factors affecting the health of pets deserve special attention: proper nutrition, maintenance, exercise, timely and high-quality veterinary care. The article presents the results of the assessment of the situation regarding the morbidity of dogs and cats in the city of Sumy on the basis of the "10 Druziv" health center. A statistical analysis of data on the registration of diseases of dogs and cats for the period 2020-2023 was carried out. The research was conducted on the basis of the Department of Virology, Pathanatomy and Poultry Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Sumy National Agrarian University and the "10 Druziv" Zoo Veterinary Center. Statistical and clinical research methods were used in their research. We studied the situation regarding the diseases of dogs and cats based on the primary documentation, namely on the logs of registration of the admission of animals to the clinic. Clinical and laboratory diagnostics of dogs and cats were also carried out in order to establish a diagnosis. It was established that during the period 2020-2023, non-communicable diseases prevailed (from 59% to 66%) against contagious diseases (from 21% to 25%). The most common among non-communicable diseases were diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (from 18.9% to 22.9%), urinary system (from 14.9% to 19.9%), cardiovascular system (from 12.9% to 14 .9%) and dermatological diseases (from 10.9% to 12.9%). Congenital pathologies of the cardiovascular system were not widespread and only 9 cases were registered in three years. Taking into account the statistical data, diseases of the cardiovascular system are relevant for further research, as they showed a tendency to increase in the period 2020-2023. Among the pathologies of the cardiovascular system of dogs and cats, the overwhelming majority was related to diseases of the endocardium, namely mitral valve endocardiosis (41.63-48.47%). The development of effective protocols for the treatment of dogs and cats with cardiovascular diseases is a promising direction in veterinary medicine.

BABESIOSIS OF DOGS (BABESIOSIS)

2024-03-08T12:01:58+02:00

A large share of diseases of small animals belongs to parasitic diseases. Some diseases are so common that specialists have probably encountered them often. One of them is known as "babesiosis" or earlier as "piroplasmosis". The danger of this disease lies in the rapid course and deterioration of the animal’s condition, which can lead to death. In order to properly fight and protect your animals, you need to know the enemy face to face. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to study the issue in more detail. When they say "dog tick", they most often mean ixodid ticks – these are parasites that live in the grass during the warm season. It is precisely these parasites that are associated with babesiosis, a disease of dogs that can lead to death very quickly if timely help is not provided. According to statistics for the last five years: – 71% of cases of babesiosis are registered in dogs aged 1 to 5 years – Without treatment, mortality is 80% of cases – Clinical manifestation begins when only 3-5% of erythrocytes are affected – The main carrier of the disease is a tick. The greatest activity of ticks is observed at a temperature from 7 to 22 degrees and with high humidity, which means: in spring and autumn An analysis of current information on the distribution, infection, course, clinical picture, patho-anatomical picture, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of babesiosis in dogs is presented. It has been proven that dogs with babesiosis have a high risk of occurrence and a more severe course. When the tick feeds on the blood of dogs, babesia sporozoites are transferred to the bloodstream together with saliva and penetrate into erythrocytes. During repeated cycles of asexual reproduction (merogony), babesia merozoites reproduce and destroy more and more new erythrocytes. Repeated transmission of infection to ticks comes from dogs with babesiosis. In the tick’s body, babesia reproduces through sexual cycles and penetrates the tick’s organs, including the ovaries, thereby infecting tick eggs and larvae. In dogs, the incubation period varies depending on the type of pathogen. Usually it is 2-3 weeks. For example, the incubation period of B. canis lasts 10-21 days, and B. gibsoni – 14-28 days. A protozoan natural focal disease with a transmissible transmission mechanism, the causative agent of which is the single-celled blood parasite Babesia canis Piana et Galli-Valerio 1895. The parasite is widespread throughout the globe and affects not only domestic dogs, but also animals of related species. In addition, another species is found in South and Southeast Asia – Babesia gibsoni Patton 1910. According to the nosological profile, Babesia canis is most often diagnosed.

INFLUENCE OF LIPID METABOLISM ON THE QUALITY OF CATTLE MILK

2024-03-08T12:01:54+02:00

The profitability of dairy farming in enterprises of the Sumy region is always an urgent issue, because not only the quantity of milk produced, but also its quality directly affects the profitability of farms. Enzymes in the animal's body play an important role in animal productivity and, accordingly, in the general metabolism of animals, so our task was to study the effect of changing the diet of cows (with the addition of rapeseed and soy) on the composition and quality of milk, including the profile of fatty acids in the milk of the Ukrainian black-and-white cattle breed. Milk contains milk balls with a diameter of up to 4-5 mm that are formed from milk fat, in particular fatty acids with a fairly dense membrane. And this is very important in terms of protection against damage to their membrane by enzymes, especially lipase. Otherwise, when damaged, milk fat is hydrolyzed with the release of a large amount of free fatty acids. And this, in turn, leads to lipolysis, which can be caused by a violation of lipid metabolism in dairy cows, destruction of milk fat by lipase by milk enzymes. In addition, lipolysis of milk fat can be a consequence of bacterial contamination of milk and the development of microorganisms. In addition, the increase in the volume of fatty acids can occur due to the obvious mechanical deformation of fat deposits during milking. Fatty acids for the synthesis of fat in milk can be of several types: 1) Long-chain fatty acids (more than 16 carbon atoms per molecule) – are produced from the absorption of fatty acids and dietary fats that enter the blood from the gastrointestinal tract, and non-esterified fatty acids (NFA) from the body's fat reserves. 2) Short-chain (containing up to 8 carbon atoms) fatty acids. 3) Medium-chain (from 10 to 14 carbon atoms) fatty acids – are formed in the mammary gland by "de novo" synthesis (that is, they are created "newly" in the mammary gland from smaller molecules). The increased ratio between the amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat has a negative effect on its industrial value, since there is a positive relationship between the consumption of saturated fatty acids and various diseases and elevated cholesterol levels in humans. A high consumption of palmitic, myristic and lauric acids can be particularly dangerous due to their effect on high cholesterol and LDL concentrations in the blood, and conversely, the consumption of unsaturated fatty acids has the opposite positive effect. Body fat significantly affects the composition of fatty acids in animal milk. After all, the body of a cow synthesizes lactic fatty acids from various substances, a part of which enters the body with feed and is excreted together with milk. It is also affected by the breakdown products of the rumen of cows. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids depends entirely on the microflora of the rumen. The main source of fatty acids in milk can also be bacteria that die during digestion. Animals of the same condition were selected for the experimental group. The composition of milk fatty acids was determined. Animals fed canola seed compared to animals fed soybean seed showed a higher fat percentage of 4.1%, body condition score and milk urea nitrogen showed a significant difference between the two groups. The amount of a number of fatty acids in the animals fed the two different diets was different, and their amount varied significantly. Because canola seed contains more fat and protein than soybeans, it can compete as a substitute for soybeans in the diet of dairy cows. In addition, rapeseed with a nutritional effect on the composition of milk fatty acids can be used to improve the quality of milk.